From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

• battery; lithium–sulfur battery; sodium–oxygen battery; sodium–sulfur battery; Review 1 Introduction Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have rapidly become the most important form of energy storage for all mobile applications since their commercialization in the early 1990s. This is mainly due to

• with a mixed aprotic/aqueous electrolyte and cells based on solid electrolytes. A sodium–oxygen battery can be designed exactly the same way but the phase diagram (Figure 3b) shows that in addition to Na2O2 and Na2O, sodium superoxide (NaO2) can also be formed (although possibly only kinetically stable

• are usually time demanding and require both a careful execution of experiments and the use of complex and often expensive analytical methods. 2.3.2 The sodium–oxygen (Na/O2) battery: The sodium–oxygen battery is based on the same cell concept as the lithium–oxygen battery, however, only very little